Future Now
The IFTF Blog
Light vs Mega Infrastructure
alex and i were talking before the conference and thought that next years' theme might be mega-infrastructure
How will we make buildings in 2030?
Imagining the futureHow will we make buildings in 2030?By Sara Hart
archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0310future.asp
Imagine thirty years from now. Will urban areas in 2030 look like Ridley Scott's Los Angeles in the sci-fi movie Blade Runner-a prelude to Armageddon where the affluent reside in the tops of 400-story skyscrapers, and the less fortunate scratch out an unsavory existence in the seamy, polluted, and lawless regions on the surface? Or will Americans live the utopian dream in self-sufficient, fossil-fuel free
communities?
Both industry analysts and savvy practitioners insist that it's not the best use of time to predict farther out than 10 years. At this moment, however, the future is already taking form. On one hand, materials scientists are locked in laboratories inventing new, smart, and sustainable materials and composites, which are touted elsewhere in this issue as the beginning of a revolution in design and construction. At the same time, building materials that dominated the
20th century still dominate in the new millennium.
The projects presented here, while contemporary, are daring in ways that hint at future trends. In each case, the architect and engineer seem to strain to get more performance from familiar materials- smaller structural members, less environmental impact, greater spans. Success often depends on technological innovation, the side effect of which is increased complexity. This desire to stretch the limits signals another trend that promises to change the relationship
between architect and engineer, regardless of materials.
Twentieth-century Modernism prescribed that all buildings be made of three materials-concrete, steel, and glass. The glass industry is constantly innovating and inventing, giving rise to specialties such as facade engineering. Glass research has moved beyond traditional melting processes into coating techniques, solar control technology,
and the integration of microelectronic circuitry.
But what role will the so-called smokestack industries play 30 years from now? What will happen to the steel industry, mired as it is in the politics of import tariffs and the economics of overcapacity? Will new materials surpass the "technical audacities" that Henry- Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson attributed to concrete and steel
in their 1932 manifesto, The International Style?"Buildings will still be made of steel in 30 years-and in 300 years. Forever, unless someone figures out how to build a 100-story building with a material as strong and as economical as steel," says Bill Heenan of the Steel Recycling Institute, clearly confident that steel
will continue to dominate well into this century.
Innovation happens at a glacial pace in industries dependent on multiple suppliers and cheap energy. In this century, the steel industry predicts several important trends, most of them having to do with complex manufacturing innovations. Architects will be more concerned with the environmental issues affecting steel and concrete, traditionally dirty businesses, as pressure mounts to conserve energy
and make sustainable buildings.
Reduction in the amount of carbon needed to make quality steel has been dramatic, but eliminating it altogether is decades away, assuming that it will ever be possible. In the short term, recycling is an effective strategy. Heenan asserts that steel is the only material that is almost totally recyclable. In fact, 95 percent of steel salvaged from demolition sites can be reused without degradation. "When melted at 3,000 degrees, steel loses memory of what it was before and can be made into something completely different," says Heenan. "As a matter of fact, 200,000 tons of steel removed from the wreckage of the World Trade Center has been recycled to provide the armor plate for a new submarine." By 2030, the industry predicts that buildings, automobiles, and a wide assortment
of products will be made of recycled steel.
Concrete is arguably the oldest building material, in use for thousands of years. Although stronger, lighter, and better reinforced, the recipe has remained much the same-cement, sand, water, and aggregates. It's cheap, durable, and-in creative hands-a material of considerable beauty. Even more important is the fact that the entire infrastructure of the U.S. is supported by concrete. According to industry statistics, it is the world's most widely used man-made material and is second only to water as the most utilized substance. Slightly more than a ton of concrete is produced annually per each person on earth-six billion tons. The U.S. produces more
than 2.5 tons per citizen each year.
One would reasonably assume then that the future of the concrete industry is as solid and secure as its product. To make sure it maintains its ubiquity, however, the concrete industry has created an ambitious plan for the future called Vision 2030, which defines areas in which research is needed, as well as where partnerships with other
industries, government, and academia are required.
To realize its vision, the American Concrete Institute, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technologies and other independent organizations, has created a guide called Roadmap 2030: The U.S. Concrete Industry Technology Roadmap. Roadmap acknowledges future liabilities, many of them energy- and environment related, and details the industry's strenuous effort to mitigate them through research and innovation. For example, the cement and concrete product manufacturing industry consumes a lot of energy, spending approximately $1.5 billion on purchased fuel and
electricity in 2000.
Improved High-Performance Concrete (HPC) will make production, delivery, and placement more efficient. Fiber-reinforced HPC components will become an attractive material for rapidly built, low- cost housing. In addition, systems for designing both residential and commercial structures with a low risk of fire, blast, and earthquake damage are a high priority in Roadmap. Acceptance of new technologies and their availability in the marketplace will be reduced from an
innovation-stifling 15 years to a competitive two.
The industry is looking for new materials, which it has outlined as research initiatives. Nonmetallic alternatives to reinforcement are a high priority. In 2003, there is increasing world-wide interest in fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) and carbon fibers to prevent damage caused by corrosion. The search is also on to find lightweight local sources of aggregates in order to reduce the energy required to transport them to building sites. Efforts are presently underway to make concrete an environmentally benign material by reusing high- alkali wastewater, recycling aggregates, and reusing cementitious waste products. By 2030, smart materials ranging from sensor-laced concrete to hybrid products will respond to environmental conditions and warn of failures. As they emerge, embedded technologies and new materials will require more expertise within the industry, as well as
among architects and engineers.
Given the rise in material and systems complexity, the role of the engineer, especially the fields of structural and facade engineering, is already expanding. In the last century, the engineer was largely a silent partner-the consultant who invisibly realized the architect's vision in concrete, steel, and glass. The relationship was cooperative. Now it appears to becoming genuinely collaborative. And by 2030, there is evidence that engineering will be the new architecture, as advanced technical skills draw the engineer deeper into the design process. Cecil Balmond, chairman of Arup's European Division, emerged from the shadows long ago and is renowned as the über engineer for complex projects. He leads the firm's Advanced Geometry Unit, which has designed structures for Toyo Ito, Daniel
Libeskind, and Shigeru Ban.
The Advanced Geometry Unit builds complex 3D analytical models with its proprietary software, FABWIN, a nonlinear, form-finding program, which can be reprogrammed to meet the needs of different projects. Computer models can be so complex that communicating the design ideas requires both virtual and physical simulations. Arup created wax prototypes of Marsyas (click image to right to view) with a Thermojet 3D printer. But to simulate the experience of something so unusual and enormous, the engineers created a virtual reality machine using the latest 3D gaming technology. This allowed both the artist and
engineers to study lighting, texture, and color in great detail.
Like Arup, most multidisciplinary engineering firms today develop their own software or adapt other products, such as gaming software, which, of course, adds another degree of complexity to the process. These firms also reinvest some percentage of their profits into ongoing research and development, such as Buro Happold's development of cardboard as a construction material. Architects who want to maintain parity with engineers and create the next generation of "technical audacities" from an ever-deepening reservoir of methods and materials will follow the trend, as KieranTimberlake, Kennedy Violich, FTL Design Engineering Studio, and others have done. Still, in an era of engineering virtuosity and genuine collaboration and
teamwork, who will own the architecture?
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STEEL & CONCRETEBerlin Central StationArchitect: von Gerkan, Marg und Partner,Hamburg, GermanyStructural components were designed to maximize daylight and views throughout the railway station. Compact concrete decks float on slender steel columns, forming one complex structural system and minimizing the size of each element. All the joints between the steel tubes, foundation, and decks are cast steel. The durability and weldability are far superior to conventionally welded tubular and composite structures. The fork capitals embedded in the decks transfer the loads onto the columns. Barrel vaults support the ceiling in the station tunnel. The columns of these "vault tables" are located on the platforms between the railroad tracks. The
concrete will remain unfinished.
SUSTAINABILTYWessex Water Operations Center, Bath, EnglandArchitect: Bennetts AssociatesEngineer: Buro HappoldHeralded as the greenest office building in the United Kingdom, the design team carefully considered the environmental impact of all materials. Recycled concrete railway sleepers made up 40 percent of the coarse aggregate required for the in situ concrete. The precast concrete coffering is supported on a light steel frame rather than the standard concrete structure. Construction waste was segregated on
the site so that 70 percent could be recycled.
METHODS & MATERIALSThe Downland Gridshell at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, Chichester, EnglandArchitect: Edward CullinanEngineer: Buro HappoldThe loosely clad clear-span timber gridshell (click above) is set over a sealed and sunken archive space of earth-protected masonry. The organic form is due primarily to the stiffness required for the shape of a gridshell, composed of a series of continuous curves. The complete form is a triple bulb hourglass shape, 40-to-50 feet wide. Westborough School, Westcliff-on-Sea, England Architect: Cottrell and Vermeulen Engineer: Buro Happold Cardboard tubes (above) support the timber trusses of the roof of this building prototype. The tubes are 180 or 230mm in diameter and the edges are 15mm of solid card. Funded in part by government, the project is part of research and documentation aimed at developing the material as a viable
construction product.
GLASSPola Museum of Art, Kanagawa, JapanPola Museum of Art, Kanagawa, JapanArchitect: Nikken Sekkei Laminator:ASAHI Glass Winner of the 2003 DuPont Benedictus Award, this museum houses a private collection of Impressionist art in a lush forest. Laminated glass is ubiquitous throughout. A sloped skylight of clear laminated glass forms a "light spine" the length of the museum. Glass is also used for the structural ribs, which support the sloped skylight. The extensive use of glass floods the five-story museum, most of which is underground. The glass atrium allows panoramic views
to the floor below, making the overall plan obvious to the visitor.
ADVANCED GEOMETRYMarsyas, Tate Modern, London - www.tate.org.ukArtist: Anish KapoorEngineer: Arup - www.arup.comArup's Advanced Geometry Unit developed a complex, organic, curved concept using its in-house form-finding program FABWIN. After months of iterations (click image), the final design is a prestressed, PVC- coated polyester membrane stretched over steel rings spanning 460 feet. The tensile structure is based on soap film stretched between boundaries. By treating the membrane surface as a net of node points connected by triangles and achieving an equal amount of curvature in
all directions, Arup moved into new engineering territory.